In recent years, countries around the world have paid more attention to environmental protection, and the new energy of vehicles has gradually become a trend, especially in the field of passenger vehicles. Almost all major brands have launched new energy vehicles. With the rising international fuel prices, many commercial vehicles have also begun to enter the new energy field. Therefore, electric trucks came into people's sight.
Electric truck refers to the vehicle type that adopts the form of electric drive and uses electric drive instead of fuel drive.
After replacing the electric drive, the operating cost of the vehicle has decreased, especially under the premise of the current high fuel price, the economic benefits are relatively obvious; In terms of emissions, the vehicle can basically achieve zero emissions because of replacing fuel driving; In addition, electric drive also has the advantages of low noise, convenient gear shifting and vibration reduction, which can improve the driving and riding environment and protect goods to a certain extent.
Compared with fuel vehicles, electric trucks also have an advantage, that is, it is easier to collect and upload vehicle data, which can further improve technical services, optimize energy supply in the field of transportation, and realize unmanned technology application in closed scenes such as mines and ports.
1、 Pure electric truck
Pure electric trucks refer to trucks that are completely powered by electricity. According to the power supply mode, it can be divided into charging type and switching type.
The rechargeable type requires the vehicle to load the power battery with the vehicle and rely on the external charging pile for charging;
The power exchange mode is the separation mode of vehicle and electricity, which relies on the external power exchange station to replace the battery.
Although in theory, electric trucks seem to have incomparable advantages over fuel vehicles, in fact, the penetration rate of pure electric trucks is not high. The main reasons are as follows:
1. Vehicle self-weight.
Unlike passenger cars, trailers are mainly used for transportation and have high requirements for endurance. Therefore, electric trucks need to load more batteries. Take an electrically driven 6X4 tractor as an example, its battery weight can reach about 3t, which leads to the fact that electric trucks are generally heavier than fuel vehicles of the same type.
2. Slow charging speed and low charging efficiency.
The charging speed of electric trucks has always been an industry disadvantage. Generally speaking, an electric truck uses the slow charging method, which takes about several hours to fill; If the fast charging method is adopted, it will take at least one hour to fully charge, and it will also cause some damage to the battery, which is indeed much slower than the efficiency of going to the gas station to fill.
3. Charging is inconvenient.
It is well known that even the charging of new energy passenger vehicles is not particularly convenient in many cities at present, especially on highways, there are few charging piles, let alone new energy commercial vehicles, which to a large extent leads to the reluctance of transport owners to buy electric trucks, especially medium and long-distance owners.
4. Limited endurance.
In order to extend the endurance of the electric truck, more batteries are used in the vehicle design, but due to the low energy density of the battery, its endurance mileage can not meet the medium and long distance transportation needs of the heavy semi-trailer to a large extent.
5. The purchase cost is on the high side.
As a new model, although electric trucks have limitations in many aspects, their prices are still much higher than those of ordinary fuel semi-trailers, which has also discouraged many car owners from buying.
2、 Hybrid truck
Hybrid trucks refer to vehicles driven by electricity and fuel, which can be divided into three types: oil-electric hybrid, plug-in hybrid and incremental electric.
1. Oil-electric hybrid
The driving force is provided by the fuel engine and electric motor. Generally, the battery capacity is relatively small, and no charging interface is provided, and the energy recovery during truck operation is used for charging.
The motor power of this type of vehicle is not large. The motor assists the engine to provide power in starting and accelerating scenarios, reducing fuel consumption and improving operating efficiency. The advantage is that it is convenient to use without charging; The disadvantage is that it depends heavily on fuel, and the emissions of pollutants are still high.
2. Plug-in hybrid.
The plug-in hybrid truck is driven by the engine and electric motor, and can form a variety of combinations according to their different modes, such as pure electric, pure fuel, electric refueling, etc.
The advantage is that the charging port is designed, which can be charged at any time. When the power is sufficient, the pure electric mode can be used, and when the power is insufficient, the pure fuel mode can be used, which is suitable for long-distance running, and the effect of energy conservation and emission reduction is also better; The disadvantage is that the technology is relatively complex, and the contradiction between battery dead weight and endurance is not well coordinated.
3. Add program electric.
Incremental electric truck refers to the vehicle type that is powered by engine and driven by electric motor. When the battery pack has sufficient power, it will drive in pure electric mode. When the power is insufficient, the engine in the vehicle will start to drive the generator to charge the power battery.
The advantage is that it has a long driving range. The disadvantage is that it needs an engine to drive the generator when running at high speed, and the fuel consumption is high, so it cannot get rid of the dependence on fuel.
Objectively, inter-city short distance transportation or fixed logistics shuttle bus is more suitable for electric trucks, while medium and long distance transportation is not suitable. Although the emergence of hybrid trucks has made up for some shortcomings of electric trucks to some extent, it is still unable to get rid of the dependence of vehicles on fuel. The energy saving and emission reduction are not ideal, and the technology is relatively complex. The price is naturally high, and whether it can meet the use needs of owners needs to be tested by the market.
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